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top

And some usefull hot keys

t     Displays summary information off and on.
m     Displays memory information off and on.
A     Sorts the display by top consumers of various system resources. Useful for quick identification of performance-hungry tasks on a system.
f     Enters an interactive configuration screen for top. Helpful for setting up top for a specific task.
o     Enables you to interactively select the ordering within top.
r     Issues renice command.
k     Issues kill command.
z     Turn on or off color/mono

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• My server errors and optimization steps (2)

(I’m using ubuntu so that codes listed below works for only ubuntu servers.)

1.  Using a Php Accelerator

I found apc. There are some such as Xcache and eAccelerator. Apc is creating php files cache. Before install it, you can test your apache performanse with ab.

ab -c5 -n100 http://www.yoursite.com/index.php
-c concurrency
Number of multiple requests to perform at a time. Default is one
request at a time.

-n requests
Number of requests to perform for the benchmarking session. The
default is to just perform a single request which usually leads
to non-representative benchmarking results.

After testing you can easily install apc with typing:

sudo apt-get install php-apc

sudo service apache2 restart

Than test again.

ab -c5 -n100 http://www.yoursite.com/index.php

You can see the difference. Apc comes with a simple control script in /usr/share/doc/php-apc/apc.php.gz to use it

gunzip /usr/share/doc/php-apc/apc.php.gz
cp /usr/share/doc/php-apc/apc.php /yousites.com/apc.php

2. Enable browser caching with apache2

Firstly to check browser caching, install firebug (ff extension) http://getfirebug.com/. After that open firebug and click network tab (Net). Than refresh your web page. You can see get process for each file in your webpage (js,png,gif,ico). There is a green bar symbolizing connection. If you are using browser caching this green bar should be “0″ after second reload of page. If not

enable expires module of apache2

sudo a2enmod expires

restart apache

sudo service apache2 restart

Add this line to your .htaccess file

ExpiresActive on
ExpiresByType application/javascript “access plus 1 months”
ExpiresByType image/jpg “access plus 1 month”
ExpiresByType image/jpeg “access plus 1 month”
ExpiresByType image/gif “access plus 1 month”
ExpiresByType image/png “access plus 1 month”
ExpiresByType text/css “access plus 1 months”

access plus means access time for each visitor. Also you can use your website .conf file to use it.

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A: Delete them from /boot directory. Both initrd and vmlinuz files. Than run update-grub.

Q: How to hide recovery mode in grub2 menu ?

A: Change this line #GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_RECOVERY=”true” as GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_RECOVERY=”true” (delete command character.) in /etc/default/boot. Than run update-grub.

Q: How to disable memtest in grub2 menu ?

cd /etc/grub.d

sudo chmod -x 20_memtest86+

update grub

Some other changes in grub menu. In /etc/grub.d there are 6 executable files. These are

• 00_header Sets initial appearance items such as the graphics mode, default selection, timeout, etc. These settings are normally imported from information from /etc/default/grub. Users normally do not need to make changes to this file.
• 05_debian_theme The settings in this file set splash image, text colors, selection highlighting and themes. In the absence of a splash image, this file sets a monochromatic theme for the initial menu display. How to set font renderings and splash images are discussed in detail in the Splash Images and Themes section.
• 10_hurd Locates Hurd kernels. Not currently used.
• 10_linux Locates kernels on the root device for the operating system currently in use. It takes this information and establishes the names displayed on the menu for these kernels. Thanks to the code in 10_linux, it is not necessary (or even possible) to explicitly contruct the list of kernel names displayed on the menu. Note: If you don’t want all your old kernels to appear in the menu list, remove their files from /boot.
• 20_memtest86+ Searches for /boot/memtest86+.bin and includes it as an option on the GRUB 2 boot menu. There is currently no line option to remove this entry from the menu. The display of memtest86+ can be inhibited by removing the executable bit from this file: sudo chmod -x /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ and then running sudo update-grub.
• 30_os-prober This file uses os-prober, which searches for Linux and other operating systems. Results are placed in grub.cfg based on the scripts in this file. The file is divided into 4 sections, representing the types of operating systems handled by the scripts: Windows, Linux, OSX, and Hurd. Variables in this file determine the format of the displayed names in /boot/grub/grub.cfg and on the GRUB 2 menu. Users familiar with basic scripting can alter these variables to change the format of the displayed menu entries. Alternatively, the user can insert an entry into /etc/default/grub which disables this script. (See below)
• 40_custom A template for adding custom menu entries which will be inserted into grub.cfg upon execution of the update-grub command. The contents of this file, below the “exec tail -n +3 $0” line and the default comments, are imported directly into /boot/grub/grub.cfg without any changes.

By setting executables bits of these file “0″,  you can disable function of file for grub menu. Forexample, if you want to disable memtest in grub2 menu, just set “0″ to executable bit of 20_memtest86. sudo chmod -x 20_memtest86+ than update-grub. To make it enable set “1″ sudo chmod +x 20_memtest86+ and update-grub.

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Session Error

Error code: Warning: session_start() [function.session-start]: open(/var/lib/php5/ …)

Because i’m using lots of session_start() command in a page (it’s a big mistake), php was creating too much sessions and could not delete them. So that my server used all inodes.  (var/lib/php5). Moreover, my server has began to exceed disk io rate. (To delete all sessions: http://www.alonon.net/rm-argument-list-too-long-solution/)

What is inode ? You can think it as a pointer. It point begining of the file.  Each file has different inode: http://www.angelfire.com/myband/binusoman/Unix.html#inode for more information.

As a solution, i tried to store sessions in databases (http://www.devshed.com/c/a/PHP/Storing-PHP-Sessions-in-a-Database/). But because of using ajax, there was a problem about updating sessions. According to me, you can try storing php sesssion in database as a solution. After that i analyse my web sites code. I deleted unnecessary session code and change user group and chmod options of /var/lib/php5. Now It’s ok.

CPU Usage Error

We’re saving all searched data in arabuldinle.com. After more than 500.000 records, inserting a new record took about  2 seconds.  I found an app to view mysql query named mytop. By typing mytop on shell you can display mysql query. It’s working like “top”. In ubuntu you can install mytop with:

sudo apt-get install mytop

With typing

sudo mytop -u mysql_user -p mysql_pass

Mytop display something like that (More about mytop http://jeremy.zawodny.com/mysql/mytop/mytop.html)

With those information i discovered that,  i had to make some changes in my mysql table. Here is the table structure:

id  (primary_key , btree) | title | secondary_id

Problem Query: select id from MYTABLE where title = ‘$title’. It was searching by linear search which takes lots of time (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_search). I define  index to title field. So it started to search on btrees (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btree) which takes less time. After that operation my cpu usage decreased 40%.

However with more user , i faced with cpu problem again. With “top” command,  which used for displaying cpu process, user www-data was using 80% of cpu.  With changing some variable in apache2.conf , cpu usage decreased again. You can find changes here: http://library.linode.com/troubleshooting/memory-networking. There’s one command that i want to mention: “iostat”. This command is coming with sysstat.

sudo apt-get install sysstat

With typing

iostat

You can view cpu and i/o statistics for devices. For more information http://sebastien.godard.pagesperso-orange.fr/features.html.

Lastly, there is an another command named free. With typing:

free -m

You can display, ram and swap usage for your computer.

free -ms 10

With this you can view memory usage by  10 seconds periods . For more information about free: http://www.linfo.org/free.html

With all these error, i find out lots of new command and learned lots of thing.

I hope with this article helps you.

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• You can insert a data with sending column name and a array $data['mysql_field'] = ‘insert_value’,
• Update data with sending column,array and where option
• Delete data sending cloumn name and where option
• @q_fetch_all : Return all data with information in column, just take sql.
• @q_result : Taking: sql, order and field.

<?php
class main {
	static $query_array = array ();
	protected function q_query($sql) {
			$query = mysql_query ( $sql ) or die(mysql_error());
			if (! $query) {
				$message = 'Invalid query: ' . mysql_error () . "\n";
				$message .= 'Whole query: ' . $query;
				die ( $message );
			}

			return $query;

	}

	static function q_update($column, $data, $where) {
		foreach ($data as $form_name => $value) {
			$data_set .= $form_name."='".mysql_real_escape_string(htmlspecialchars(stripslashes($value)))."',";
		}
		$data_set = substr($data_set,0,-1);
		return self::q_query ( "update $column set $data_set $where" );
	}

	protected function q_delete($column, $where) {
		return  self::q_query ( "delete from $column $where" );
	}

	protected function q_insert($column, $data) {
		foreach ( $data as $form_name => $value ) {
			$values [] =  mysql_real_escape_string(htmlspecialchars(stripslashes($value)));
			$column_name [] = $form_name;
		}
		$postdata = "'" . implode ( "','", $values ) . "'";
		$columnname = implode ( ', ', $column_name );
		return  self::q_query ("INSERT INTO $column($columnname) VALUES ($postdata)");
	}

	public static function q_num_row($sql) {
		$query = self::q_query ( $sql );
		return @mysql_num_rows ( $query );
	}

	public static function q_fetch_all($sql) {
		$query = self::q_query ( $sql );
		while ( $result [] = mysql_fetch_assoc ( $query ) ) {
		}
		array_pop ( $result );
		return $result;
	}

	public static function q_fetch_array($sql) {
		$query = self::q_query ( $sql );
		return @mysql_fetch_array ( $query );
	}

	public static function q_fetch_assoc($sql) {
		$query = self::q_query ( $sql );
		return mysql_fetch_assoc ( $query );
	}

	public static function q_result($sql, $order = '0', $field) {
		$query = self::q_query ( $sql );
		return @mysql_result ($query, $order, $field );
	}
}
?>

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Again Christopher Nolan ( The Prestige, Memento, The Dark Knight ), again a perfect film. If you like complex scenario, visual effect you will like this film.

Our hero named Cobb (Leonardo DiCaprio) can enter people’s dream and steal ideas. But it’s not enough for him, he tries to insert an idea to someone’s mind. It’s the only way to return home.

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Firstly (under ubuntu)

sudo apt-get install ethtool

Control your ethernet card is supporting wake on lan or not.

sudo ethtool eth0

if sth like that in output:

Supports Wake-on: pumbg

It’s ok.Than learn your mac address and write it somewhere.

ifconfig | grep HWaddr

Configure ethtool than shutdown your computer.

ethtool ­s eth0 wol g

To open your computer,  use a computer with same lan. Firstly install wakeonlan ( a simple program )

sudo apt-get install wakeonlan

And than open your comptuer

wakeonlan XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX

To disable it

sudo ethtool -s eth0 autoneg off

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Warning: session_start() [function.session-start]: open(/var/lib/php5/sess_1812dbcc1b2e606c5f44f7c4d277c22e, O_RDWR) failed: No space left on device (28) in /**/theme/default/header.php on line 5

After a little searching i found that i didn’t have any free space. My applications could not delete session in  /var/lib/php5 folder. So i tried to delete manualy with this command.

rm -rf *

But because of there were lots of session files. I took

Argument list too long

To solve this problem i write.

find . -name “*” -print | xargs rm -v

But i don’t have any idea about what this command do !

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• My server errors and optimization steps (2)

Properties

You can choose type of file to be uploaded.
For every type of file to be uploaded, you can choose biggest size of file which is allowed.
Day, month and year choices are assigned as folder.( day/month/year or year/day depends on your wish.)

Usage

1- Write type of file and the biggest size of file as byte format to $file_types variable.For example, for jpep type “image/jpeg” => 30000. For more mime type, you can visit:

http://www.w3schools.com/media/media_mimeref.asp

2- Write the file to be uploaded to $path variable. For year “%year%”    is used, for month  “ %month% ” for day %day% are also used.As a example, your file name is af and for archiving the file monthly,                 “af %month%” is used.

3- To rename your file, choice of $new_name must be true otherwise choice must be changed as false.

4- $path_right is used for new file to be created.

5- Include “af_fileupload_class.php” file to the file to be used.

6- Create a new class, $a= new af_upload();

7- Send received file to upload function,

$a->upload ($_FILES ['uploadedfile']);

af_fileupload_class.php

<?php
/*
 * @ Author: Onur AKTAŞ (alonon@gmail.com)
 * @ Homepage: http://www.acikfikir.org
 * @ Release date: 02.05.2010
 * @ Version 1.0
 * @ Thanks Süleyman Çelik, Alper İpek, Emre Çamalan
 */
class af_upload {
 /* mime types and max size (as byte)
 * 1000 byte = 1 KB
 * for more  mime type visit http://www.w3schools.com/media/media_mimeref.asp
 */
 var $file_types = array ("image/jpeg" => 30000, "application/pdf" => 4000 );
 // %year% for year, %month% for month, %day% for day, or just write exact path.
 var $path ='alper/%year%/%month%/%day%';
 // false don't give a new name, true give a new name.
 var $new_name = FALSE;
 var $path_right = '0777';
 var $error = "";
 var $is_error = FALSE;
 public function control_file($file) {
 if (!array_key_exists ( $file ['type'], $this->file_types )) {
 $this->error='this type is not allowed';
 $this->is_error = TRUE;
 }
 else {
 if ($file ['size'] > $this->file_types [$file ['type']]) {
 $this->error="file is too big";
 $this->is_error = TRUE;
 }
 }
 }

 public function upload($file,$path="",$new_name="") {
 $this->control_file($file);
 if ($this->is_error) {
 echo $this->error;
 }
 else {
 $ext = substr(basename($file['name']), strrpos(basename($file['name']), '.') + 1);
 //giving name start
 if($this->new_name)
 $filename = time().".".$ext;
 else
 $filename = basename($file['name']);
 //giving name finish

 // Replace path with real value start
 $path_keys = array('%year%','%month%','%day%');
 $replace_keys = array(date("Y"),date("m"),date("d"));
 for($i=0;$i<=2;$i++) {
 $this->path =str_replace($path_keys[$i], $replace_keys[$i], $this->path);
 }
 $umask = umask(0);
 if(!is_dir($this->path)) {

 if(!@mkdir($this->path,0777,true)) {
 $this->error="can not create a folder";
 $this->is_error = TRUE;
 }

 }
 if(!@move_uploaded_file($file['tmp_name'], $this->path.'/'.$filename)) {
 $this->error="can not upload file";
 $this->is_error = TRUE;
 }
 umask($umask);
 }
 }
}
?>

index.html

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title> Af php upload sınıfı</title>
</head>
<body>
<form enctype="multipart/form-data" action="example.php" method="POST">
Dosya seçin: <input name="uploadedfile" type="file" /> <br />
<input type="submit" value="Upload File" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

example.php

<?php
include "af_fileupload_class.php";
<pre>$a = new af_upload ();
$a->upload ($_FILES ['uploadedfile']);
?>

To download, use this adress: www.acikfikir.org/dosyalar/af_upload_class.tar.gz For advice and question, contact mail : alonon {@} gmail.com

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